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  1. The three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its range, ideal for questions about evolution and population genetics.

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback

    Gasterosteus aculeatus is a generalist carnivore, feeding on benthic invertebrates, including crustaceans and larval insects (benthic form), and zooplankton (limnetic form). It exhibits a predation cycle that consists of search, pursuit, attack, and capture.

    nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesI…
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    Cladistics 20(1): 14-22. Gasterosteus aculeatus is a stickleback that inhabits arctic, subarctic, and temperate marine and coastal freshwaters circumglobally in the northern hemisphere. Some subpopulations are threatened and have been declining as a result of invasive species and/or industrial activity near water bodies.
    Gasterosteus aculeatus is a generalist carnivore, feeding on benthic invertebrates, including crustaceans and larval insects (benthic form), and zooplankton (limnetic form). It exhibits a predation cycle that consists of search, pursuit, attack, and capture.
    Gasterosteus aculeatus occupy a wide range of habitats. They have been found in small, ephemeral streams in southern California and in more permanent flowing waters of variable sizes. These fish do not tolerate high-gradient streams, and they are rarely found in habitats more than a few hundred meters above sea level.
    Gasterosteus aculeatus was believed to have been introduced into Gull and June lakes by anglers, probably from the Ventura River drainage, and it was introduced into the Santa Maria River system along with trout from the Santa Ynez River in 1940 (Miller and Hubbs 1969).
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    The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its range, ideal for questions about evolution and population genetics. Many … See more

    This species can occasionally reach lengths of 8 cm (3.1 in), but lengths of 3–4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 in) at maturity are more common. The body is laterally compressed. The … See more

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    Three subspecies are currently recognized by the IUCN:
    • G. a. aculeatus is found in most of the species range, and … See more

    Many populations take two years to mature and experience only one breeding season before dying, and some can take up to three years to reach maturity. However, some … See more

    Some evidence indicates the existence of cooperative behavior among three-spined sticklebacks, mainly cooperative predator inspection. Predator … See more

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    The three-spined stickleback is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, where it usually inhabits coastal waters or freshwater bodies. It can live in either fresh, brackish, or salt water. It prefers slow-flowing water with areas of emerging vegetation. It can … See more

    In its different forms or stages of life, the three-spined stickleback can be a bottom-feeder (most commonly chironomid larvae and amphipods) or … See more

    Sexual maturation depends on environmental temperature and photo-period. Longer days and warmer days stimulate brighter … See more

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  4. Gasterosteus aculeatus, Three-spined stickleback - FishBase

  5. WEBJan 16, 2024 · Gasterosteus aculeatus is a generalist carnivore, feeding on benthic invertebrates, including crustaceans and larval insects (benthic form), and zooplankton (limnetic form). It exhibits a predation cycle that …

  6. Gasterosteus aculeatus, Threespined Stickleback - IUCN Red List

  7. Characterizing phenotypic diversity in marine populations of the ...

  8. WEBJun 22, 2020 · The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an important model system for the study of parallel evolution in the wild, having repeatedly colonized and adapted to freshwater from the ...