Increasing global temperatures are requiring organisms to acclimate to greater thermal extremes, migrate, or suffer reduced fitness and, potentially, local extirpation. The earth’s climate is already estimated to be 0.85 °C warmer than it was in 1880,

Coral reefs face many stressors associated with global climate change, including increasing sea surface temperature and ocean acidification. Excavating sponges, such as Cliona spp., are expected to break down reef substrata more quickly as seawater becomes

Bone and teeth, specialised bio-mineralized connective tissues, are left after the typical decomposition process of any vertebrate organism. Their analysis can reveal insights into an organism's life and retrace the history of the remains after death

Pieces of coral rubble (Porites porites), collected from across 3 fringing reefs that lie along a eutrophication gradient, were examined for the presence of clionid sponges. A similarity analysis of species composition showed that reef zone had less effect