California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are susceptible to entanglement in fishing gear and marine debris. Over time, entanglement material can become deeply embedded and disrupt underlying tissue layers, including skin, blubber, muscle, and regional

Introduction Domoic acid (DA) is a glutaminergic excitatory neurotoxin that causes the morbidity and mortality of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL) and other marine mammals due to a suite of effects mostly on the nervous and cardiac systems.

Domoic acid-producing blooms of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia are pervasive in coastal environments globally. Domoic acid, a neurotoxin, accumulates via trophic transfer into marine food webs and is often associated with mass marine mammal mortality

Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a significant cause of mortality for phocid seals; however, the susceptibility of otariids to this virus is poorly understood. The authors used a lymph-node explant culture system from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus,

Domoic acid producing blooms of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia are pervasive in coastal environments globally. Domoic acid, a neurotoxin, accumulates via trophic transfer into marine food webs and are often associated with mass marine mammal mortality