Both in their natural habitat (estuaries, marine coastal environment, ocean depths and freshwater lakes) or in captivity conditions (land-based, open-sea aquaculture and aquariums), exposure to hypoxia can have direct detrimental effects on fish growth,

In vertebrates the regulation of the glucose level in blood (glycemia) is mainly controlled by hormones (insulin and glucagon) produced by the endocrine pancreas1,2. Anatomically, the endocrine cells of the pancreas form islets, called the islets of Langerhans,

Simple Summary Ocular pathologies, such as cataracts, may affect fish welfare. In severe cataract cases, complications such as anorexia, low body condition score, skin wounds, and scoliosis from chronic abnormal posture may develop in fish. Ultimately,