The Tortonian-Messinian transition is associated with important climatic and oceanographic changes in the Mediterranean Basin, which have shaped both the biotic and abiotic nature of this setting. The morphological variability of the planktonic foraminifera

The mean test size of planktonic foraminifera (PF) is known to have increased especially during the last 12 Myr, probably in terms of an adaptive response to an intensification of the surface-water stratification. On geologically short timescales, the

The planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia menardii, absent in the Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period, reappeared during the Holocene. As it was present in the Indian Ocean during glacial time, its reappearance might be thought to have been connected

Variation in absolute abundance, size and coiling direction ratio of the planktic foraminifera Globorotalia menardii during the late Quaternary have been studied in three cores, collected along a north-south transect from the northeastern Indian Ocean.