Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are globally expanding, compromising water quality worldwide. HAB dynamics are determined by a complex interplay of abiotic and biotic factors, and their emergence has often been linked to eutrophication, and more recently

Growth and spirolide production of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Danish strain CCMP1773) were studied in batch culture and a photobioreactor (continuous cultures). First, batch cultures were grown in 450 mL flasks without aeration

The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium is one of the major harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera with respect to the diversity, magnitude and consequences of blooms. The ability of Alexandrium to colonize multiple habitats and to persist over large regions through

In the past years, some coastal areas in the central and northern Baltic Sea have experienced recurrent blooms of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. The population dynamics and spatial distribution of the species were studied

Alexandrium ostenfeldii is a toxic dinoflagellate that has recently bloomed in Ouwerkerkse Kreek, The Netherlands, and which is able to cause a serious threat to shellfish consumers and aquacultures. We used a large set of 68 strains to the aim of fully

Life in the Baltic Sea must cope with strong seasonal fluctuations of environmental factors, such as temperature, light, and nutrients. When environmental conditions become unsuitable for growth, organisms must respond accordingly to endure. As part of

Environmental conditions are key factors in the development of marine toxic phytoplankton. Spirolides are marine toxins with a heptacyclic imine ring responsible for the toxicity in mice. Alexandrium ostenfeldii (A. ostenfeldii) is the main producer of

Alexandrium ostenfeldii is a thecate, mixotrophic dinoflagellate recently linked to a novel suite of toxins called spirolides. This study provides the first description of the regional distribution of A. ostenfeldii in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), and the