Vestimentiferans (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta) thrive in deep-sea hydrothermal vents and depend on chemosynthetic symbiosis for nutrition. Currently, the central carbon metabolisms, especially the sugar synthesis pathways, of vestimentiferans remain obscure.

Frenulates are a group of sedentary Annelida within the family Siboglinidae that inhabit the ocean floor and present a unique challenge for comprehensive molecular and phylogenetic investigations. In this study, we focused on the frenulates, specifically

Background The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of metazoans generally include the same set of protein-coding genes, which ensures the homology of mitochondrial genes between species. The mitochondrial genes are often used as reference data for species