The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the See more

In 1939, the Kriegsmarine lacked the strength to challenge the combined British Royal Navy and French Navy (Marine Nationale) for … See more

The early U-boat operations from the French bases were spectacularly successful. This was the heyday of the great U-boat aces … See more

Following the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in the First World War, countries tried to limit or abolish … See more

With the introduction of ASDIC, the British Admiralty believed to have effectively neutralized the submarine threat. Hence the number of … See more

The German occupation of Norway in April 1940, the rapid conquest of the Low Countries and France in May and June, and the Italian entry … See more

Despite their success, U-boats were still not recognised as the foremost threat to the North Atlantic convoys. With the exception of men like Dönitz, most naval officers on both … See more