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    The undulate ray (Raja undulata) is a species of ray and cartilaginous fish found in the Mediterranean and East Atlantic from southern Ireland and England to the Gulf of Guinea. It is found in areas with mud or sand, and may occur as deep as 200 m (660 ft), though it prefers shallower depths. It is considered … See more

    The undulate ray features a disc-shaped body, triangular in the front and near-circular in the rear, and dermal denticles developed as spines for protection. Median spines are … See more

    There are few data about biology of this species. Using vertebrae as growth markers, maximum lifespan was supposed to be 21–23 years. It's an oviparous cartilaginous fish. … See more

    Like other benthonic species of similar size this ray is caught incidentally or intentionally by commercial fisheries using trawls See more

    During a study it was found that the gonadosomatic index for the females was higher in the winter, which means that this specie reproduces during this season. Females also … See more

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    This species has a patchy and discontinuous distribution in northeastern Atlantic. It is found from southern Ireland and England to Senegal, and in the western Mediterranean. … See more

    The ray eats small fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other macrobenthos. See more

    Because of its late sexual maturity and low rate of population growth, undulate ray is extremely vulnerable to exploitation by fisheries. In the north Atlantic, populations have declined … See more

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  2. Raja undulata, Undulate ray : fisheries - FishBase

  3. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 - World Register of Marine Species

  4. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 - GBIF

  5. An overview of the biology and status of undulate ray Raja …

  6. Raja undulata – Guide of Mediterranean Skates & Rays

  7. Movement ecology determines isotopic niche width in the …

  8. Raja undulata, Undulate ray : fisheries

  9. Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 - World Register of Marine Species

  10. Undulate Ray Raja undulata

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